Political Theory

The term ‘liberty’ means the absence of restraints on the activities of individuals, and at the same time, providing opportunities for the development of individual personalities.

Liberty, as elaborated in the Preamble, is very essential for the successful functioning of the Indian democratic system. However, liberty does not mean license to do what one likes and has to be enjoyed within the limitations mentioned in the Constitution itself.

In brief, the liberty conceived by the Preamble or fundamental rights is not absolute but qualified. Hence in the above question the most appropriate definition of liberty is to provide opportunity to develop oneself fully.

Source: NCERT: Class 11 Political Theory

The term ‘liberty’ means the absence of restraints on the activities of individuals, and at the same time, providing opportunities for the development of individual personalities.

Liberty, as elaborated in the Preamble, is very essential for the successful functioning of the Indian democratic system. However, liberty does not mean license to do what one likes and has to be enjoyed within the limitations mentioned in the Constitution itself.

In brief, the liberty conceived by the Preamble or fundamental rights is not absolute but qualified. Hence in the above question the most appropriate definition of liberty is to provide opportunity to develop oneself fully.

Source: NCERT: Class 11 Political Theory

Rights are legal and moral entitlements or claims of a person over other fellow beings, over society, and over the government.

Correct Answer: Rights are claims of the citizens against the State.

Explanation: Rights are fundamental to the functioning of a democratic society. They ensure that citizens have the ability to make claims against the state, ensuring their freedoms and protections are upheld. This is a crucial aspect of democratic governance, where the state is accountable to its citizens.

Source: NCERT: Class 9th Democratic Rights

State is a political organization of society. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups based on its purpose of formation.

Following are the elements of a state:

1. People: i.e. the community of persons permanently living there.
2. Government
3. Territory: Demarcated boundary that separates one state from the other.
4. Sovereignty: It has independent say in all domestic and external decision making.

Thus, the 1st option is the correct answer.

Source: NCERT: The Indian Constitution

According to Supreme Court judgment Jyoti Basu vs Debi Ghosal - A right to elect, fundamental though it is to democracy, is, anomalously neither a fundamental right nor a Common Law Right. It is a statutory right. So is the right to be elected, and the right to dispute an election.

NOTE - As per NCERT One of the important decisions of the framers of the Indian Constitution was to guarantee every adult citizen in India, the right to vote i.e. universal adult franchise. The article 326 of the Constitution provides for the right to vote and to be elected in India. What is true of the right to vote is also true of right to contest election. All citizens have the right to stand for election and become the representative of the people.

Source Attribution:

• Union of India vs. Association for Democratic Reforms and Anr. (2002) 5 SCC
• People’s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India (2003)
• Article of the Constitution
• NCERT: 11 Indian Constitution at Work, Chapter