Themes in Indian History - Part I

Statement 1 and 2 are correct. The events between May 1916 to January 1919 give us the background of the establishment of the Satyagraha Sabha in Bombay under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. The newly started Home League was the leading force in all these events, which prepared the ground for the April Satyagraha. The Satyagraha Sabha was organised with Mr. Gandhi as President, Mr. Horniman as Vice-President, and the leading Home Rulers on the Committee.

Simon Commission was dispatched to India in 1928 way after Rowlatt Satyagraha.

Source Attribution: NCERT

The Swadeshi and Boycott were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the agitation against the Partition of Bengal in the Swadeshi movement.

Source: NCERT: Modern India by Bipin Chandra

The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was an Indian nationalist political party. This party was established on 21 October 1951 in Delhi, that existed from 1951 to 1977. Its three founding members were Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Balraj Madhok and Deendayal Upadhyaya. Hence pair 1 is correctly matched.

C. Rajagopalachari was the founder of the Swatantra Party, not the Socialist Party. The Socialist Party was associated with leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan. Hence pair 2 is not correctly matched.

The Congress for Democracy (CFD) was an Indian political party founded in 1977 by Jagjivan Ram. It was formed after Jagjivan Ram, Hemavati Nandan Bahuguna, and Nandini Satpathy left the Indian National Congress of Indira Gandhi and denounced her rule during the Indian Emergency. Hence pair 3 is correctly matched.

The Swatantra Party was an Indian classical liberal political party that existed from 1959 to 1974. It was founded by C. Rajagopalachari in reaction to what he felt was the Jawaharlal Nehru-dominated Indian National Congress's increasingly socialist and statist outlook. Hence pair 4 is not correctly matched.

Hence option (b) is the correct answer.

Source: NCERT: Class XII Politics in India since Independence

On 5 March 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed by Gandhiji on behalf of the Congress and by Lord Irwin on behalf of the Government. The pact placed the Congress on an equal footing with the Government. The terms of the agreement included:

• Immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted of violence
• Remission of all fines not yet collected
• Return of all lands not yet sold to third parties
• Lenient treatment to those government servants who had resigned
• Right to make salt in coastal villages for personal consumption (not for sale)
• Right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing
• Withdrawal of emergency ordinances

The viceroy, however, turned down two of Gandhi's demands:

• Public inquiry into police excesses
• Commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades' death sentence to life sentence

Gandhi on behalf of the Congress agreed:

• To suspend the civil disobedience movement
• To participate in the next Round Table Conference

Source Attribution: This explanation is based on information from the NCERT: Themes in Indian History Part III (Class 12th) and The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947: Chapter of Our Pasts 3, Social Science textbook for Class 8.

There were many kinds of traders in the medieval period; these included the Banjaras. They were the most important trader nomads. Their caravan was called tanda. Sultan Alauddin Khalji used the Banjaras to transport grain to the city markets. Emperor Jahangir wrote in his memoirs that the Banjaras carried grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns.

Source: NCERT: Class VII Chapter 6 Towns, Traders and Craftspersons