Resources and Development

Bagelkhand or Baghelkhand is a region and also a mountain range in central India that covers the northeastern regions of Madhya Pradesh and a small area of western Uttar Pradesh. Bodhgaya is in Bihar. The Khajuraho group of monuments was built during the rule of the Rajput Chandela dynasty. The building activity started almost immediately after the rise of their power, throughout their kingdom to be later known as Bundelkhand. Vidarbha is the eastern region of the Indian state of Maharashtra, comprising Nagpur Division and Amravati Division. Shirdi is a town and falls under Ahmednagar District in Maharashtra. It is not in Vidarbha region. Tirupati lies in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.

Source Citation:

• Atlas
• NCERT: Geography Books

Prosopis juliflora (P juliflora), an exotic tree, is one of the top invaders in India. A native of South and Central America, it was introduced in India to meet the fuel and wood requirement of the rural poor and to restore degraded lands.

A recent study has shown that apart from threatening local plants, with whom it competes for resources, this tree is also affecting the nesting success of birds.

Source: NCERT

Electromagnetic radiation causes temperature change which induces metamorphism of rocks.

Gravity, besides being a directional force activating all downslope movements of matter, also causes stresses on the earth’s materials.

Plate movement results in continent building.

The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction, and primordial heat from the origin of the earth.

This energy, due to geothermal gradients and heat flow from within, induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere.

Due to variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow from within, crustal thickness and strength, the action of endogenic forces are not uniform and hence the tectonically controlled original crustal surface is uneven.

Source: NCERT: Fundamentals of Physical Geography Chapter - Geomorphic Processes

The ecological niche is the ecological role and space that an organism fills in an ecosystem. The ecological niche involves both the place where an organism lives and the roles that an organism does in its habitat.

For example, the ecological niche of a sunflower growing in the backyard includes:

• absorbing light, water and nutrients (for photosynthesis)
• providing shelter and food for other organisms (e.g. bees, ants, etc.)
• giving off oxygen into the atmosphere.

Source: 12th NCERT: Unit 9 Ecology and Environment

Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development. It is a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.

Source Attribution: NCERT