Craft Traditions of India

The question involves two statements regarding historical figures and their contributions. The first statement claims that 'Bijak' is a composition of the teachings of Saint Dadu Dayal, while the second statement suggests that the Philosophy of Pushti Marg was propounded by Madhvacharya.

Upon examination, the correct information is as follows:

• Kabir's ideas were later collected and preserved in Bijak, not those of Saint Dadu Dayal.
• The philosophy of Pushtimarga (the path of grace) was propounded by Vallabhacharya, not Madhvacharya.

Therefore, both statements are incorrect, making the correct answer option (d) Neither 1 nor 2.

Source Citation:

• NIOS: Religion & Philosophy in Medieval India
• NCERT: Class 7 Our Pasts II

A kalyana mandapa was meant to celebrate divine weddings in the Vijayanagara Empire.

Source: NCERT: Themes in Indian History Part II

The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, a World Heritage Site, are 30 rock-cut cave Buddhist temples carved into the sheer vertical side of a gorge near a waterfall-fed pool located in the hills of the Sahyadri mountains.

Guntapalle is a rock-cut cave site near Eluru. The other important site where rock-cut stupas have been excavated is Anakapalle near Vishakhapatanam.

The Pallavas were one of the ancient South Indian dynasties that were active in the Andhra region from the second century CE onwards and moved south to settle in Tamil Nadu. Their early buildings, it is generally assumed, were rock-cut, while the later ones were structural.

The tradition of rock-cut cave continued in the Deccan and they are found not only in Maharashtra but also in Karnataka, mainly at Badami and Aihole, executed under the patronage of the Chalukyas; in Andhra Pradesh in the area of Vijayawada; and in Tamil Nadu, mainly at Mahabalipuram, under the patronage of the Pallavas.

Source: NCERT: Introduction to Indian Art Part I

The six systems of Indian philosophy, also known as the 'Shad Darshanas', are a group of orthodox (astika) schools of thought. These include:

• Mimamsa and Vedanta: Both focus on the interpretation of the Vedas, with Mimamsa emphasizing rituals and Vedanta focusing on knowledge and liberation.
• Nyaya and Vaisheshika: Nyaya is concerned with logic and epistemology, while Vaisheshika deals with metaphysics and categorization of reality.
• Sankhya and Yoga: Sankhya provides a theoretical framework of dualism, and Yoga offers practical methods for spiritual realization.

Lokayata and Kapalika do not form part of these six systems. Lokayata, also known as Charvaka, is a materialistic and atheistic school, while Kapalika is associated with certain ascetic practices and is not recognized as one of the orthodox schools.

Source: Ancient India (Old NCERT for XI by Ram Sharam Sharma)

Guru Nanak (1469 – 1539) was the only Bhakti saint among the given options who was preaching during the time when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over in 1526.

Dadu Dayal (1544–1603) and Kakarla Tyagabrahmam (1767 – 1847) were not contemporaries of this period.

Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over: 1526

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) 2 only.

Source: NCERT: Ancient & Medival India