GRE Syllabus 2025: All Topics & Question Types Demystified

The GRE syllabus hasn't fundamentally changed since ETS overhauled the test in September 2023—but understanding what's actually being tested versus what appears on the surface separates high scorers from everyone else. Most guides hand you a topic list and call it a day. This one explains the underlying logic that makes each section tick.

What the GRE Really Tests (And Why It Matters)

Before diving into specific topics, here's something competitors rarely mention: the GRE isn't a content test. It's a reasoning test wrapped in content.

ETS designs questions to assess your readiness for graduate-level thinking—the kind that involves synthesizing information under pressure, recognizing patterns in unfamiliar contexts, and communicating complex ideas clearly. The math, vocabulary, and writing are simply the delivery mechanisms.

This distinction matters because it changes how you should prepare. Memorizing 3,000 vocabulary words helps less than learning to decode unfamiliar words from context. Drilling geometry formulas matters less than recognizing when ETS is testing conceptual understanding versus calculation.

GRE 2025 Test Structure at a Glance

The GRE takes approximately 1 hour 58 minutes across five sections:

The test is section-adaptive: your performance on the first Verbal section determines the difficulty of your second Verbal section (likewise for Quant). Strong first-section performance unlocks a higher scoring ceiling.

Verbal Reasoning Syllabus

The Verbal section tests three question types:

Reading Comprehension (~50%) assesses your ability to understand complex academic prose. Passages come from humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and business topics. You'll identify main ideas, make inferences, analyze author's purpose, and determine vocabulary from context.

Text Completion (~25%) presents passages with one to three blanks. Here's what competitors rarely mention: these aren't vocabulary tests—they're logic tests. The passage structure tells you what kind of word belongs before you see choices. Focus on transition words (however, therefore, although) that signal logical relationships.

Sentence Equivalence (~25%) requires selecting two answers that complete a sentence with similar meaning. The trap: choosing synonyms without verifying both work in context. Correct answers create equivalent sentences—they're not necessarily dictionary synonyms.

Quantitative Reasoning Syllabus

The Quant section covers four areas at high school level. You won't see calculus, trigonometry, or anything beyond second-year algebra.

Arithmetic (25-30%)

• Integers, divisibility, prime numbers, even/odd properties
• Fractions, decimals, ratios, proportions
• Percentages and percent change
• Exponents, roots, absolute value
• Sequences and patterns

Strategic insight: ETS loves testing sequential percentage changes. A 20% increase followed by 20% decrease doesn't return you to start—it leaves you 4% below.

Algebra (25-30%)

• Simplifying and factoring expressions
• Linear equations, inequalities, and systems
• Quadratic equations
• Functions and coordinate geometry
• Word problem translation

Strategic insight: Many struggle translating words to equations. "Three more than twice a number" should instantly register as 2x + 3.

Geometry (15-20%)

• Lines, angles, parallel lines, transversals
• Triangles (including 30-60-90 and 45-45-90 special triangles)
• Quadrilaterals, circles, polygons
• Area, perimeter, surface area, volume
• Coordinate geometry

Strategic insight: Diagrams aren't drawn to scale unless stated. Never assume angles that look like 90° actually are.

Data Analysis (25-30%)

• Statistics: mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation
• Basic probability and counting methods
• Permutations and combinations
• Interpreting tables, graphs, and charts

Strategic insight: Data interpretation rewards estimation. If answer choices are spread apart (450, 625, 780, 920), round aggressively to save time.

Quantitative Comparison

About 35% of questions ask you to compare Quantity A and B. When variables are involved, test multiple cases—including zero, negatives, and fractions—before concluding the relationship cannot be determined.

Analytical Writing Syllabus

You'll write one 30-minute "Analyze an Issue" essay, presenting your perspective on a general topic with supporting reasoning.

Scoring criteria (0-6 scale):

• Clarity and focus of position
• Logical development with supporting examples
• Organization and transitions
• Language command and grammar
• Depth of analysis

What works for 5+ scores:

• 500-600 words with clear thesis
• 2-3 body paragraphs with specific examples
• Acknowledgment that issues have competing perspectives
• Clean execution with few distracting errors

ETS publishes all possible essay topics online. Review the pool to recognize patterns and pre-develop example categories.

What's NOT Tested

Understanding exclusions helps allocate study time:

Not on Quant: Trigonometry, calculus, matrices, proof construction, inferential statistics (no hypothesis testing or regression)

Not on Verbal: Isolated vocabulary matching, grammar rule identification, literary analysis

The Section-Adaptive Reality

Your first section in each measure matters disproportionately:

• Strong Section 1 performance → harder Section 2 questions → higher scoring ceiling
• Weak Section 1 performance → easier Section 2 questions → capped maximum score

This isn't about rushing Section 1. It's about recognizing every early question carries significant weight.

The Bottom Line

The GRE syllabus fits on two pages. The skill to navigate it efficiently takes longer to develop. Focus less on covering every topic and more on understanding how ETS designs questions. Pattern recognition beats content memorization.

The test rewards students who think like test-makers—anticipating traps, recognizing question structures, and managing time strategically. That's what separates competitive scores from average ones.

Ready to start your GRE preparation? Understanding the syllabus is step one. Building skills to execute under timed conditions is where the real work begins.